What effects do violent films such as ‘Deadpool’ have on audiences?
“You turn on the television, and violence is there. You go to a movie, and violence is there.” (Emanuel Tanay)1
What effects do violent films such as ‘Deadpool’ have on audiences?
Cinematic violence has been a part of films since movie making started. Nowadays, watching most films with most genres, there is a high possibility of seeing some sort of violence in the film. The hyper-reality in post-modern films such as “Deadpool” (2016) shows no consequences for violent acts in the films. This is stereotypical in all superhero films as we never see the protagonist getting in trouble. Similarly, in “Deadpool” (2016), the violence is protruding in a comedic way that uses violence to fuel the protagonist characterisation. Michael Haneke once said in “Violence and the Media”: "The western, crime, war, adventure, and horror genres define themselves in no small part through violence."2This shows us that violence has had a huge influence on these genres that now are depended on it to help carry the narrative. These types of films that are shown to the mainstream audiences could affect them in the long term. Violent films do help cultivate a culture of violence but the responsibility falls on the aggression of an individual. A film can influence people differently because, as Haneke says, visual storytelling "reflect[s] and simulate[s] an almost complete impression of reality."3Even through institution don’t see audiences to be submissive when watching the films, members such as children are more vulnerable to being influenced by film. These arguments are also shown in the historical text “Natural Born Killers” (1995) that was famous for the extreme violence that was shown which allegedly influenced several ‘copycat’ crimes. Most of these crimes are set in America where people have easy access to weapons such as guns that allow them to do these acts. The dominant ideology of violent films directly affecting human behaviour has been debated for decades. The news and politicians have associated violent act to violent films with little research that distract society for substantive causes of these violent acts, like “poverty, lack of treatment options for mental health as well as crime victimization among the mentally ill, and educational and employment disparities.”4I will explore if media violence is simply another moral panic blamed for wider failings in society.
The main reason that people correlate violent films to violent behaviour is due to films that have caused people to carry out ‘copycat’ crimes. Studies have shown that “aggression can be considered to be ‘normative’ at certain stages of development.” 5One film that has been in the spotlight of violent behaviour and “copycat” crime is Natural Born Killers (1994). This film was about a couple that both had traumatizing childhoods becoming lovers as well as becoming serial killers. This film was notorious for being one of the most violent films ever at the time. When Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA)6 first saw the film, they gave it a rating of NC-17 which was only suitable for adults. Then the director, Oliver Stone and Quentin Tarantino, decided to cut the violent scenes out so it could become an R rated film. However, the film was delayed in the UK as of BBFC investigating the film because of “copycat” crimes happening in the US and France. One of the crimes committed was the shooting of William Savage and Patsy Byer(1995)7. After Sarah Edmondson (19) and her boyfriend Benjamin James Darras (18) watched Natural Born Killers, they shot William Savage twice in the head two days later. Darras then decided to take “a piece of blood-stained fabric from Savage to keep as a token.” 8After he told his girlfriend, Edmondson travelled to Ponchatoula Louisiana and shot Patsy Byer in a convince store. Savage was friends with an author named John Grishan who told Olivier Stone that he was “being irresponsible in making the film, claiming that filmmakers should be held accountable for their work when it incites viewers to commit violent acts.” Edmondson also decided to include Oliver Stone and Time Warner Company in a lawsuit she was in. She has also used a “product liability" claim which meant that the makers of the films should have known that people could get inspired by the film to commit a crime like Byer. This case was very important as it showed the general public the effects a film could have on an individual. This shows us that, even if the films are rated high, it wouldn’t change the outcome of how teenagers or anyone to react. Other crimes such as Frontier Middle school shooting and Heath High School shooting were both done by 14 years old showing us that kids would still see inappropriate film illegally if they desire to. I feel that these kids watching this film wasn’t the institution fault but the parents as they aren’t controlling what type of content their children care to consume.
Quentin Tarantino has always argued that his films such as Natural Born Killers, Django Unchained and Inglourious Basterds will never affect an audience. In an interview with Chicago Tribune, he said that “The bottom line is I'm not responsible for what some person does after they see a movie. I have one responsibility. My responsibility is to make characters and to be as true to them as I possibly can."9 In another interview with Today live, “When it comes to that, look, my feeling is just, you know, OK, somebody else's violence is somebody else's action. To me, it's just, it's cinema.”1 I agree with Tarantino as movies are product people decided to consume.Comparing this film to Deadpool, we can see that violence is seen in different ways. In Deadpool, we see the violence being shown in a comedic way which glamorises the scenes. For example, in the trailer at 00:29, Deadpool says, “Please don’t make the super suit green or animated.” This would imply to the audience that this is a superhero film. The audience would be able to tell that the violence’s is only for entertainment purposes as it is classified as a fictional movie. However, in Natural Born Killers we see the protagonist as a normal human being making the scenes more realistic for the audiences.
In Deadpool, some scenes have used clever editing and camera movement to shoot violent scenes. At 00.20 Deadpool looks straight to the camera and talks to the audience.11 This is called breaking the fourth wall figure when the character directly addresses the reader or viewer in theatre or film. The fourth wall is used to “remind the audience that this is a play.”12 In this case, Deadpool knows that he is a fictional creation in a story and tells us how he got the movie to be made while referring to other characters in the same cinematic universe such as Wolverine and X- Men. He says “I got places to be, a face to fix and oooh, bad guy to kill.” This helps the audience mentally prepare for the violence’s and reduces the shocking effect to audiences mid-way through the movie. The music played is Salt and Pepper “shoop” that came out in 1993 which is the same year that the first Deadpool comic came out. Even though we haven’t had an establishing shot yet, audiences would still be able to denote the setting being a motorway. It also is used in the middle of fight scene when Deadpool is inside the car while fight the villains. He says “did I leave the stove on” which is very important in this scene as it breaks the tension and reiterates the fact this is a movie while not damaging the narrative. The fact that the world around him is going in slow motion and he is breaking the fourth wall regular speed speech should be a clear indication that this is fictional. This scene also uses a lot of CGI which help empathize that this is a fictional world. After the car crash, one of the villains is shown to be thrown to a billboard using a quick pan which includes a lot of blood and graphic content. These types of graphic violence shots are highly reliant to the editing. The way Deadpool was only rated 15 by BBFC13 is by using fast past editing and camera movement. The fast pace editing is important as the violent mise-en-scene is only shown for a short period. This would mean that viewer’s heart rate would increase making it more enjoyable for them without compromising context is as viewers would have emotionally invested in the character to make it more enjoyable. This is why a lot of enigma code is used to leave a “sense of ambiguity” 14and leave them hooked. We than (00.44) get an over-the-shoulder shot with a sharp zoom showing five black cars with motorbikes. The audience would be able to connote that these men in these cars are villains from the colour of the cars and the way the cars are moving as well as form Deadpool announcing it. At 00.46, we get a median shot of inside the car which shows us the villains from the clothing and facial expression. The diegetic sound is contrapuntal to the character as it isn’t what you associated villain to listen to. As well as this, this scene has synergy with the opening credit sequences as it is the same song played. The juxtaposition of Deadpool and the cars show the audience that Deadpool is connected to them which could cause conflict in the future.This film isn’t in chronological structure as we start with action scenes and allow the origin to begin with flashbacks so the audience doesn’t need to wait for the protagonist to change to Deadpool like other traditional superhero films. They balance the violent scenes with the grounded Ryan Reynolds scene to carry the narrative. The narrative of this film is linear as it only follows the main character, Deadpool, throughout his difficulty.
The opening title sequence is an important part of the film which was chosen for the comical potential as well as creating enigmas for the audience to ponder as the scene is taken from the middle of the film. Each character shown in the beginning is placed there for the particular humorous act, with Deadpool put directly in the centre of the action, unmistakably the cause of this incident. He is the only named character in the whole sequence with all the other character being kept a secret to create enigma for the audience which is important to keep the audience guessing and interested for the rest of the movie. This title has a combination of both the comedy genre and action which are represented by the body language and the situation being a fight scene with the physical violence shown creating a hybrid of the two genres. The opening title sequence is one long tracking shot of a still image that involves a variety of shots from close up for the facial expression and props with long-shot helping to see the setting. The props used would have made to be made carefully as it would have to be similar to the comic. As of the amount of thing happening on screen, the audiences are kept excited and attentive to the mise-en-scene. The use of camera movement is crucial to the action happening as the primary target audience for this film is males that are 16 to 26-year-olds. To keep this audience forces on one aspect the director uses shallow depth of field which means the camera is only forced on one thing. This limits thing that can distract the audience and help them keep forces as it emphasizes the subject.
Violent behaviour is a product of audience’s addiction to the media. An average “American watches nearly 5 hours of video each day, 98% of which is watched on a traditional television set”15 according to Nielsen Company which is a global marketing company. In addition, “Nearly two-thirds of TV programs contain some physical violence.”16 In America, we see violence in all forms of media such as films, adverts, TV shows, video games and the news. The industry is “propaganda for violence”. This is because the audience sees guns and other weapons being used on TV to enhance the tension but what they really doing are advertising it. Have you ever wonder why you never see a gun advertisement? In 2002, US Secret Service and the US Department of Education reviewed 37 schools shooting from 1974 to 2000. They found out that more than half of them “demonstrated some interest in violence through movies, video games, books, and other media.”17 This shows us that these attackers had violent thoughts because people are more interested in seeing the violent material. A report done by the Media Violence Commission of the International Society for Research on Aggression (ISRA) said that, “Over the past 50 years, a large number of studies conducted around the world have shown that watching violent television, watching violent films, or playing violent video games increases the likelihood of aggressive behaviour.” 18The exposure of too many violent games is a factor that increases violent and aggressive behaviour and decreases other important emotions such “empathy and pro-social-behaviour.” Psychologist Craig Anderson has done a longitudinal study on the effects of violent games (2007). It included both male and females children to see how the intake of violent content changes behaviour. The result of the research was that whoever played the most violent games “becomes the most aggressive”19. This means that parents should know what their children are watching according to this research. Decreasing the exposure of screen violence with an increased exposure to pro-social programming can positively impact a child behaviour that would decrease any mental health issue in the future.
Albert Bandura social learning theory is a fascinating theory on how people learn from others. It is a way people learn something by observation, imitation, and modelling. The key aspect of this theory is that people learn thing observing other human activities and repeating it. Most people would “observationally through modelling: from observing others, one forms an idea of how new behaviours are performed, and on later occasions, this coded information serves as a guide for action.”2This theory shows us that human “continuous reciprocal interaction between cognitive, behavioural, and environmental influences.” 21We can apply this to the research as the children are observing what they see and repeating that aggressive behaviour in real life. A clear example of this is the London Riots (2011) where younger people were copying what they saw on the news and going outside to loot as well as vandalising public property. You can also apply cultivation theory which is a theory of long-term impacts of TV and media. This states that the more time you spending watching TV and you stay in that bubble, the more likely they “believe social reality aligns with reality portrayed on television."22 The dominant ideologue of violence shown on TV is that it would directly influence the person viewing it. However, as audiences only see bad news on TV, they would think that it’s a bigger issue then it actually is. The US Bureau of Justice Statistics has said, “the overall violent victimization rate (eg, rape and assaults) decreased by 40% from 2001 to 2010. Similarly, the murder rate in the US has dropped by almost half, from 9.8 per 100,000 people in 1991 to 5.0 in 2009.”23 This shows us evidence of so called “negative bias” which in “psychologists' term for our collective hunger to hear, and remember bad news.”24You can apply hypodermic needle theory which suggests that people absorb information without questioning it. These intuitions have caused moral panic for profits. This mass-communication theory shows us that the TV does have a lasting impact on our real lives. For example, seeing the violent act in Deadpool without any consequence would directly give them a different perception of the world to vulnerable minds.
Psychologist Craig Anderson found something very interesting about the short-term issue of consuming violent material. After 3 years of investigating, they found nothing correlating from violent games to aggressive behaviour. Anderson stressed, “Media violence is only one of many risk factors for later aggressive and violent behaviour. Furthermore, extremely violent behaviour never occurs when there is only one risk factor present.”25 This research showed us that the violent behaviour we see on TV doesn’t directly affect the average American. There are social factors such as “poverty, unemployment, housing, and the behaviour of family and peers”26 that shows us mass media isn’t the explanation according to a criminologist. Craig Anderson theory was proven with this example when“2 teenage boys who murdered 12 schoolmates and a teacher and injured 21 others at Columbine High School in Colorado before killing themselves.” 27The police found out that they were living in a “pathological environment” and their “lives centred on violent video games.” However, with more research, the FBI found out that “psychiatrists and psychologists concluded that both perpetrators were mentally ill”28 Both these teens were psychopaths and dealt with depression and suicidal thoughts. Tanay said, “Some mass killings have been perpetrated by people who are psychotic.” 29This just shows us that average audience can watch films like Deadpool with a lot of violent content as watching the film is only a small factor. W James wrote in his book called The 11 myths of media violence, “People would shelf blame to other targets such as guns, parents and other media.” 3 An audience seeing anti-social behaviour on TV drama and films are expected to have an effect on the behaviour of viewers, even though such acts are almost always “ultimately punished or have other negative consequences for the perpetrator, there is no obvious reason why the anti-social activities which are always in the news, and which frequently do not have such apparent consequences for their agents, should not have similar effects.”31
British sociologist David Gauntlett would feel that people have had the wrong approach to media effects from mass media, its audiences, and society in general. When researching violence in society should “begin with that social violence and seek to explain it with reference, quite obviously, to those who engage in it: their identity, background, character and so on.”32 The normal media effect approach to this issue is by looking at the media first and trying to “lasso connections” from their social life. The effect model has inadequately defined its own objects of study. It has established media material such as “'anti-social' and 'pro-social' programming, as well as characterisations of behaviour in the real world, such as 'anti-social' and 'pro-social' action.”33 This shows us that even ideological value are judged; kicking a door, hitting an inanimate object or just being verbal aggressive will be interpreted as 'antisocial', not 'pro-social'. These simple acts are shown as violent behaviour, just as shooting scene is, which make it “difficult to discern whether very minor or extremely serious acts of 'violence'.” 34In addition, the model is often based on artificial studies as typical studies could be in a laboratory or in ‘natural’ setting such as classroom but “where a researcher has conspicuously shown up and instigated activities, neither of which are typical environments.”35 The research subjects are often shown in “selected or specially-recorded clips which lack the narrative meaning inherent in everyday TV productions.” 36They may observe in simulations of real life presented as a game, in relation to “inanimate objects such as Bandura's famous 'bobo' doll, or as they respond to questionnaires, all of which are unlike interpersonal interaction, cannot be equated with it, and are likely to be associated with the previous viewing experience in the mind of the subject, rendering the study invalid.” 37This can lead to the subject altering their behaviour and attitude as know they are being observed and are questioned. Small factors, such as presence, appearance and gender can “demand characteristics of the experiment (that children sense what is expected of them and try to please), for children are more likely to imitate the aggressive behaviour if an adult in the test situation is seen to approve.”(Borden 1975)38 From all the research that is done by a physiologist, the effects model has little explanation of human behaviour or of the media in society. Whilst any challenging “illogical theory or model reserves the right to demonstrate its validity through empirical data, the effects model has failed also in that respect.”39
Regulation and Censorship are used by the public to see what films are safe to see for children and adult. British Board of Film Classification, or now known as BBFC, was first established on the 1 January 1913 to censor films “which may be considered in any way opposed to the better feelings of the general public.”4The main reason the British Government decided to introduce this system as they were afraid of the influence of movies and its correlation to the increase in crime rates. Films are rated different depending on the country and to differing degrees but can be changed by “powerful or relentless lobbying by organizations or individuals.”41 Movies that are banned can come back if they have been edited to make it more audience-friendly. For example, Deadpool was banned in China “because of its nudity, language and violence.”42 The director Tim Miller took a risk and decided not to re-edit the film specifically for a Chinese audience as the “edits required would cause problems with the plot”43 which couldn’t be done without destroying the narrative. This is a risk as Superhero movies generally do well in “China, with even the smaller films like Ant-Man doing more than $100 million in business.”44However, as of recent years, movies such as Deadpool are starting to be rated lower and are given lower certificates. Deadpool got a 15 certificate as to its drugs uses adult themes, strong language, sex references and violence. BBFC said, “violence may be shown if discreet and justified by context.” 45This shows that movies can have violence, nut only if it is shown for a short period of time without any detailed scenes. This is what Deadpool capitalised on as most of the violent scenes seen in the movies are edited at a fast pace and are only shown for seconds to get the point across. This is because the audience already knows the result of the action. In addition, having a 15 certificate help Marvel a lot as most of their other movies including Iron Man, Thor, Doctor Strange and Guardian of the Galaxy are aimed at a young teenager with a PG-13 rating. This helps Marvel become more respected by audiences as they aren’t just targeting children.
The censorship debate is a big topic that can’t be neatly placed into categories of ‘Right’ or ‘Wrong’. Movies such as A Clockwork Orange and Natural Born Killers prove the control is needed. Even though people are smart individually, in groups, people are usually “mindless, easily led and self-destructive (e.g. last August’s riots; football hooliganism; Nazi Germany).”46 People need to understand that younger children could be metal affected by what they see and imitating scenes condoning as well as glamorising violence. Films showing clear instruction of violence could affect them too. Parents can’t be monitored children 24 hours a day so they need to use censorship to protect the vulnerable people in society. This is why in the UK; numerous scenes had to be cut out, mostly to films whose distributors want a PG or 12A certificate, to scenes of characters performing acts that would be considered dangerous, criminal, or harmful if done in real life. Paranoia Agent Volume 3 DVD set (classified 18) was also cut to remove the depiction of a child nearly hanging herself for the same reason.
You can argue that the only reason the government put this system was to stay in control; it helps people in power stay in power. The government could persuade voters that films are “dangerous” and that they are trying to protect society. You can apply Marxist view point that “the modern state, no matter what its form, is essentially a capitalist machine.”47(page67)This means that the hegemonic view point is needed as regulation helps society to function. We see that the ruling use the proletariat class to benefit themselves. As of the economic power they hold, they keep the mass population “ignorant of exploitation” which is knows an ideological control which is done by using mass media. Ideological control is a key aspect that uses “attempt to manipulate the consciousness of citizens so that they accept the ruling ideology and refuse to be moved by competing ideologies.”48 This is done to distract the population from reality. The ruling class reinforce these ideologies at a young age when they enter school. They teach “behavioural standards of the community through speech, dress, and demeanour. Schools indoctrinate their pupils in the correct attitudes about work, respect for authority, and patriotism.”49 The elite control everything we see for education to media and politics. The media from films to television “promote images and ideologies that support imperialism, capitalism, racism, sexism, militarism, authoritarian violence, vigilantism, and anti-working class antagonism”5 Even in politics, Government ideological control political speeches, books, and legislation. The government effort is to “convince the public that capitalism is good and socialism is bad.” 51However, even if the population tries to challenges these ideologies they would be questioned. For example, after the Parkland’s mass shooting, students are speaking out and demanding politicians to do something about this recurring issue. Emma González made a widely shared, “impassioned speech which attacked the president directly, calling out the funding he has received from the National Rifle Association.”52 Sadly, the right wing has been attacking the student and saying that “guns don’t kill people, people kill people.” They have also been” Unremitting support for the current interpretation of the second amendment and the advocacy of the NRA is one of the single issues that unite them.”53 Some member of the pro-Trump has gone far to say that the students are “heavily coached on lines and is merely reciting a script” 54( David Hogg). The main reason for this conflict is for money as new regulation would mean that it would be harder for people to buy guns so they spend less.
As CGI improves and violent films become more realistic, I feel that children will become more exposed to these films at a much younger age. New Digital Media (NDM) has already become an everyday thing for children in the Information age. In recent years, the age a child gets a phone is lowered making children more vulnerable to the internet. I feel that this could lead to a regulate internet to protect children from seeing these films as well as other content. For example, Theresa May is planning to introduce a new regulation to control the internet. She has said that “we must take steps to protect the vulnerable and give people confidence to use the internet without fear of abuse, criminality or exposure to horrific content."55I do agree with her but people have a right to free speech on the internet. She has said that the main issue is pornographic/criminality content, terrorism, cyber bullying and hacking. I feel that the government needs to forces on more on the parental control aspect then internet regulation as terrorism and hacking will never be regulated as of the huge scale.
In conclusion, I feel that it depends on the mental health of an individual to see how the media affects them. Companies such as BBFC give parent guidelines on what movies they should watch. I agree with Tarantino when he said: “The bottom line is I'm not responsible for what some person does after they see a movie."56 However, it is too difficult for researchers to detect aggression and mental health issue and it can’t be measured. I feel that both film intuitions and audiences need to understand that everyone will react to violence in a different way according to what has happened in their life.
Bibliography
Ahrens, F. (1995, September 10). COLD BLOOD. Retrieved October 5, 2017, from washingtonpost: https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1995/09/10/cold-blood/82d33fa3-5700-4585-bfc1-858e2dea9d4f/?utm_term=.bedd130212b1
All about. (2002). Marxist Politics. Retrieved january 9, 2018, from All about: https://www.allaboutworldview.org/marxist-politics.htm
Anderson CA, G. D. (2007). Violent Video Game Effects on Children and Adolescents: Theory, Research, and Public Policy. Retrieved january 6, 2018, from New York: Oxford University Press.
Anderson, C. A. (2009). FAQs on Violent Video Games and Other Media Violence. Retrieved december 8, 2017, from public psych iastate: https://public.psych.iastate.edu/caa/Video_Game_FAQs.html
BBC. (2001, March 13). Natural Born Killers lawsuit dropped. Retrieved November 17, 2017, from BBC: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/1217642.stm
BBFC. (2014). Violence. Retrieved September 29, 2017, from BBFC: http://www.bbfc.co.uk/education-resources/student-guide/issues-introduction/violence
Catlin, W. (2016, october 9). Action and Enigma codes – Roland Barthes. Retrieved September 24, 2017, from slideshare: https://www.slideshare.net/WillowCatlin/action-and-enigma-codes-rolland-barthes
Craig A. Anderson, P. (2003). Violent Video Games: Myths, Facts, and Unanswered Questions. Retrieved from Psychological Science Agenda: http://www.apa.org/science/about/psa/2003/10/anderson.aspx
Deadpool. (2016, March 10). Retrieved november 28, 2017, from BBFC: http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/deadpool-2016
debate.org. (2017). Should the internet be regulated by the government? Retrieved january 4, 2018, from debate: http://www.debate.org/opinions/should-the-internet-be-regulated-by-the-government
Engels, F. (1880). Socialism: Utopian and Scientific. France .
Fimrite, P. ( 1996, April 26). 6-Year-Old Boy Charged With Attempted Murder of Baby. Retrieved january 6, 2018, from SF GATES: http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/6-Year-Old-Boy-Charged-With-Attempted-Murder-of-2984842.php
Gauntlett, D. (1998). Ten things wrong with the Media "Effects" model. Retrieved from David Gauntlett: http://www.theory.org.uk/david/effects.htm
Griffin, A. (2017, May 19). THERESA MAY TO CREATE NEW INTERNET THAT WOULD BE CONTROLLED AND REGULATED BY GOVERNMENT. Retrieved JANUARY 6, 2018, from independent: http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/theresa-may-internet-conservatives-government-a7744176.html
Hallsworth, P. S. (2016, August 6). What the 2011 Summer Riots Were Really About. Retrieved February 17, 2018, from Vice: https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=Augest&rlz=1C1AOHY_enGB722GB722&oq=Augest&aqs=chrome..69i57j0l5.239j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
Haneke, M. (2010). 30. Violence and the Media : A Companion to Michael Haneke : Blackwell . Retrieved November 05, 2017, from Blackwell Reference Online: http://www.blackwellreference.com/public/tocnode?id=g9781405188005_chunk_g978140518800533
ISRA Society. (2012). Report of the media violence commission. Retrieved October 7, 2017, from ISRA Society: http://www.israsociety.com/journal/about-aggressive-behavior/
Kaplan, A. ( 2012, October October 05, 2012). Violence in the Media: What Effects on Behavior? Retrieved October 07, 2017, from Violence in the Media: What Effects on Behavior? | Psychiatric Times: http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/child-adolescent-psychiatry/violence-media-what-effects-behavior
L, D. (2015, june 19). SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY (BANDURA). Retrieved january 5, 2018, from Learning Theories: https://www.learning-theories.com/social-learning-theory-bandura.html
LA TIMES. (2018, January 10). Timeline: Violence in movies. Retrieved january 10, 2018, from LA TIMES: http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-movie-violence-timeline-pictures-photogallery.html
Lee, B. (2016, January 18). Deadpool denied release in China due to extreme content. Retrieved February 17, 2018, from The Guardian: https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/jan/18/ryan-reynolds-tim-miller-deadpool-denied-china-release-extreme-content
Libbey, D. (2015). Why Deadpool Has Been Banned In China. Retrieved February 18, 2018, from Cinemablend: https://www.cinemablend.com/new/Why-Deadpool-Has-Been-Banned-China-106557.html
Livingstone, S. (1996). On the continuing problems of media. London, UK : Edward Arnold: J. Curran and M. Gurevitch.
McHugh, K. (2011, october 11). ever be censored? Retrieved november 19, 2017, from mancunianmatters: http://www.mancunianmatters.co.uk/content/111060057-and-against-%E2%80%93-should-films-ever-be-censored
Moeller, T. G. (2001). Youth Aggression and Violence: A Psychological Approach. London: Psychology press.
nationalarchives. (2012, December 31). A Century of british film censorship. Retrieved january 8, 2018, from nationalarchives: http://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/blog/a-century-of-british-film-censorship/
Natural Born Killers copycat crimes. (2018, january 08). Retrieved january 09, 2018, from wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Born_Killers_copycat_crimes
Potter, W. j. (2003). The 11 myth of Media violence. London: Sage Publication .
quora. (2016). Why is breaking the fourth all used as a technique. Retrieved December 7, 2017, from quora: https://www.quora.com/Why-is-breaking-the-fourth-wall-used-as-a-technique
Religion. (2013, November 13). Social Control. Retrieved Febraury 20, 2018, from Religion: http://www.unm.edu/~soc101/social.htm
Seigel, J. (1993, September 5). Writing Wrongs. Retrieved december 17, 2017, from chicago tribune: http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1993-09-05/entertainment/9309050084_1_true-romance-art-house-success-movies
Singal, J. (2017, May 12). Psychologists: Stop Blaming Mass Shootings on Video Games. Retrieved February 14, 2018, from The Cut.
Stafford, T. (2014, July 29). Psychology: Why bad news dominates the headlines. Retrieved February 17, 2018, from BBC: http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20140728-why-is-all-the-news-bad
Theriault, M. J. (2016, march 10). We’re Living in the Postmodern Age of Comics. Retrieved december 27, 2017, from hub city review: https://hubcityreview.com/2016/03/10/were-living-in-the-postmodern-age-of-comics/
wikipedia. (2018, January 02). British Board of Film Classification. Retrieved january 8, 2018, from wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification
wikipedia. (2017, December 28). Cultivation theory. Retrieved January 6, 2018, from wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivation_theory
wikipedia. (2018, january 8). Hegemony. Retrieved january 9, 2018, from wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemony
wikipedia. (2018, january 7). Motion Picture Association of America. Retrieved hanuary 9, 2018, from wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association_of_America
Wikipedia. (2018, January 09). Natural Born Killers. Retrieved January 09, 2018, from Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Born_Killers
Wilson, J. (2018, February 20). How rightwing media is already attacking Florida teens speaking out. Retrieved Febraury 20, 2018, from The Guardian: https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/feb/20/how-rightwing-media-is-already-attacking-florida-teens-speaking-out
Youtube. (2016, may 4). Deadpool -Car fight HD. Retrieved september 19, 2017, from Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YI-yMivF9X0
Youtube. (2015, April 25). TARANTINO | Let's get into character. Retrieved january 9, 2018, from Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g7TqdW6o53w
Zuckerman, E. (2013, January 11). Everything Quentin Tarantino Really Thinks About Violence and the Movies. Retrieved november 17, 2017, from The Atlantic: https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2013/01/quentin-tarantino-violence-quotes/319586/
16 (Kaplan, 2012)
17 (Kaplan, 2012)
Comments
Post a Comment